WEEK 8 Problem Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

WEEK 8 Problem Statement - Essay Example ogy in the world of business has continued to engage the concern of experts who explore the various ways that could be relied upon to provide solutions to the business world. Essentially, the provision of these solutions requires the adoption of information technology tools in specific areas that pose challenges of efficiency and productivity (Gottschalk, 2007). A comprehensive appreciation of the value of information technology in the world of business might begin with some focus on the communication factor in business. Efficient communication saves time and money and helps the organization to meet set goals in an orderly and harmonious manner. Traditional forms of communication involved lengthy periods of time which adversely affected the fiscal targets of business. Generally, the performance of any business is measured within specific time frames. It is therefore important for businesses to develop systems that would ensure efficiency and production within the set time frame. Information technology has supplied tools through the internet technology which lessen the logistical challenges that were usually incurred in the course of running a business (Elliott, 2004). Another factor cited by experts who embrace the adoption of information technology in business is the reduction of stress and burnout at the work place. Naturally, the incorporation of technology in the world of business has the effect of reducing the strain and stress that accompanies manual processes. Related to this is the fact that human error often occurs due to the manual systems that are more susceptible to inaccuracies as compared to systems that utilize information technology. Many studies have shown that the comparative advantage between the two systems favours the adoption of information technology in business processes. The introduction of internet-based computer technology has had the effect of increasing the efficiency of businesses processes. Although the adoption of information

Practical Limits to a Skyscraper Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Practical Limits to a Skyscraper - Case Study Example Steel can support structures of height about 6.2 miles or even more than that, whereas advanced composite steel has the tendency to support as much as 62 miles tall skyscrapers (Anissimov). Skyscrapers (layoutsparks.com). Therefore, limiting the strength of the structural materials is not the cardinal factors that may impose limits on the height of a skyscraper. There are several other factors that dictate the constructors the height of a skyscraper. There is no doubt in the fact that a skyscraper is mostly empty because it is supposed to provide room for the inhabitants. Therefore, the weight of a skyscraper is often quite less than what its massive appearance may cause the analyzer to estimate. Three factors that primarily limit the height of a skyscraper are budget, elevators, and the wind. As we go higher, the speed of wind increases and ultimately becomes dangerous for the safety and sustainability of the skyscraper. It has been found that with calm weather conditions in a tempe rate region, the speed of wind at heights of 2 km, 4 km, 6 km, 8 km, 10 km, and 12 km is 22 mph, 56 mph, 90 mph, 134 mph, 179 mph, and 200 mph respectively (Anissimov). This clearly indicates that as the skyscrapers become taller, they have to withstand greater wind pressure. Skyscrapers frequently make use of glass for improving the look.

Beyond Reasonable Doubt And Balance Of Probability Law Essay

Beyond Reasonable Doubt And Balance Of Probability Law Essay The standard of proof, in essence, can be loosely defined as the quantum of evidence that must be presented before a Court before a fact can be said to exist or not exist. As the type of cases before a Court can be classified into criminal or civil, so can the standard of proof. There is a clear understanding that the Courts follow according to wich the standard of proof to be followed in a criminal case is that of beyond reasonable doubt whereas the standard of proof changes, even lowers to the balance of probabilities in cases of civil proceedings. It is also widely understood that the standard is higher in criminal cases. This does not mean that the actual quantity of evidence adduced should be more but speaks more of the nature of evidence. Even though such a bifurcation exists, a problem might crop up in the form of criminal charges within a civil case. This is one of the most important questions that the researcher has tried to analyse in this paper. The researcher has analysed the meaning and scope of the two standards, the position in India and finally, the question of a third standard. Reasonable Doubt v. Balance of Probability In common law, two separate standards of proof are recognized- proof beyond reasonable doubt and proof based on the balance of probabilities. The former is he standard adopted while dealing with criminal cases while the latter is the standard in use in case of civil suits.  [1]  Different standards of proof are constructed seemingly to, among other things, minimize the high social costs that may arise on account of errors.  [2]  In actuality, these two terms are rarely used, especially in jurisdictions where juries are involved, as the two terms seem to be rather esoteric in nature and not immediately comprehensible.  [3]   The standard used in criminal trial that is proof beyond reasonable doubt is viewed as requiring a high degree of satisfaction that the prosecution must, through the evidence and materials it presents, create in the mind of the Judge or the jurors. This high degree often leads to acquittal sometimes even when the authority trying the case feels that the guilt of the accused, based on the evidence, is more probable than his innocence. Even so, if the slightest doubt as to the guilt of the accused is created in the mind of the Court, he is given the benefit of the doubt and his innocence proclaimed. The basis of this is the general belief that the conviction of an innocent man as opposed to the acquittal of a guilty one is a fate more heinous, which is why such an allowance is made in the first place. Also, in most cases the accused might not have at his disposal the kind of facilities that the prosecution can use to establish their version of events. This could also be one of the reas ons behind the leniency awarded to the accused as regards the standard of proof to be upheld by the prosecution. The nature of penalty in case of criminal cases is also often harsher in nature, which is why the same standard is not adopted in case of civil suits. Even though the concept, as well as the term, reasonable doubt was greatly acknowledged by the House of Lords in Woolmington v. D.P.P  [4]  , later decisions have shown that the Court, especially with respect to jury direction, does not consider it an obligation to use the term while explaining the level of proof required. It is often emphasized that the degree of persuasion, even in criminal cases, be determined depending on the unique characteristics of the case at hand. As a result, the generalized use of the term is not considered indispensable for a valid trial.  [5]  In common law cases, while explaining the standard of proof needed in criminal cases, even while avoiding the phrase beyond reasonable doubt, the Courts have explained to the jury that the doubt they were expecting should be the kind which might arise when the jury are themselves dealing with matters of importance in their own affairs.  [6]  This is important because if the Courts were to be less speci fic and characterize the doubt to be the kind that would come up in everyday affairs, the envisaged high standard of proof would be suitably lowered. This is of significance because even though absolute certainty is not expected, the deciding authority is supposed to come as close to it as practically possible.  [7]  In the United States of America, arguments were made against defining beyond reasonable doubt while directing the juries as this was believed to have reduced the level of satisfaction required in the minds of the jurors and thereby increasing the chances of conviction. The Courts held that as long as the terms used in the definitions were in line with the case as a whole, there was no error committed. The same view has been held valid in common law countries as well.  [8]   A lower standard, that of balance (or preponderance) of probability is applied in civil litigation. Even though the standard of proof is lower in civil cases, it is no reflection on the seriousness of the allegations in question. The rationale behind the use of such a standard is that in some cases the question of the probability or the improbability of a happening is an imperative consideration to be taken into account in deciding whether that event has actually taken place or not.  [9]  In other words, even when a very serious allegation has been made in a civil case, the standard of proof is not considered to be automatically raised to come closer to the criminal standard.  [10]  However, there are certain cases which are primarily civil in nature but require, in the view of the Court, a standard of proof applicable in criminal proceedings.  [11]  The exceptions to the aforementioned general rule in civil cases include civil contempt of Court and. applications for orde rs relating to sex offenders or those exhibiting anti-social behaviour.  [12]  In other cases where there are criminal allegations as part of civil cases, the standard in use is the balance of probability. The reason behind this was explained in Hornal v. Neuberger Products Ltd.  [13]  , where it was held that within the scope of balance of probabilities, there might be varying degrees therein. It is thus suggested that there are innumerable degrees present that fluctuate on a case to case basis.  [14]   Since varying degrees within the same standard of proof threatened to cause irregularity or absurdity, suggestions were made to create a third standard of probability, which were shot down in common law jurisdictions, reaffirming that only two standards of proof would be operational in these jurisdictions. Contrastingly, the United States of America has in fact created this third standard, present somewhere in between reasonable doubt and balance of probability. This midway standard is characterized by the terms clear and convincing evidence and is used as the measure of persuasion essential in the type of cases which involve allegations of criminal or quasi-criminal actions within (what is at its crux) a civil case. The reasons behind the construction of such an intermediary standard is to make the trying of such cases easy as are concerned with important rights of an individual in civil cases.  [15]  In spite of it being considered a third standard, reasonable doubt has been sh own to coexist with clear and convincing evidence, leading to the assertion that the distinction between the two remains obscured.  [16]   Section 3 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 Following the general external tests in use to determine the standard of proof, the Indian Evidence Act accepted the conditions of a prudent man as being the apt standard by which proof can be measured.  [17]  Having said that, it is crucial to note that even though the condition of a prudent man is accepted, the Court also makes allowance to probable or improbable circumstances and conditions so that in cases which do not require the criminal standard of reasonable doubt to be applied, the standard of the probability or improbability of an event can be considered as appropriate.  [18]   The concept of reasonable doubt, which is considered to be the appropriate standard of proof for criminal cases, though not defined in the Act has been interpreted through various judicial decisions. In Commonwealth v. Webster  [19]  , reasonable doubt is not meant to be comprehended as a mere possible doubt (as all that is connected to the affairs of humans can be said to contain a possible element of doubt). Reasonable doubt is the state of mind of the jurors wherin they are not in a position to confirm the veracity of the guilt of the accused even after careful perusal of all the adduced evidence.  [20]  Since the law presumes that the accused is innocent until he is proven guilty, it is essential that before he is condemned, such a reasonable doubt not exist. In the event that a doubt is created in the mind of the Judge, the accused is permitted the benefit of the aforementioned presumption.  [21]  Beyond reasonable doubt, however, does not mean that those who have as sessed the evidence at hand should be absolutely certain of the guilt of the accused as this would create a bizarre and inconvenient situation by leaving out circumstantial evidence completely.  [22]  Although, it is a high degree, almost approaching certainty but not to the extent of scientific or mathematical certainty, for example.  [23]  It must merely rule out all the reasonable suppositions conceivable, except the one it is trying to prove.  [24]  To generalise, it is important that all the cases that come before the courts, be decided on their own merits and the extent of proof needed be fixed based on the facts and circumstances of each individual case.  [25]  This ensures that each case is given its due importance and not always victim to procedural exactitude, which though is essential to ensure justice may not always achieve the same. What is characteristic to the Indian scenario is that the Apex Court has laid down that the conscience of the Court cannot be bound by any rule or provision but the fact that such a conscience is rising is proof of the fact that prudent judgment is at play. This has been likened to explain the standard of reasonable doubt. The doubt which is created in the mind of a reasonable man is to be taken into account while coming to a conclusion and for this doubt to be important enough, it must be proportional in nature to the offence alleged in the case.  [26]   Where reasonable doubt is the standard of proof in criminal cases, the standard required for civil cases is the balance of probabilities. The standard continues to be the balance of probabilities even in cases which are primarily civil in nature but where a criminal charge may be made out against the party. This is concluded from the definitions of the terms proved and not proved, from the Act. Basically, in civil litigation, the Judge has to decide in favour of that party who is supported by the preponderance of proof. This, again, does not mean the evidence considered be wholly exempt from doubt.  [27]  It has been held by the courts that for civil cases, the parties are required to make their best case before the courts based on which the decision is granted in favour of either of the parties. For criminal cases, the Court must take all the requisite measure to find out all the relevant adduced and ensure that justice is meted out.  [28]   For the purposes of interpreting the Act, it cannot be said that a higher degree of probability will in all likelihood fulfill the criterion of proof under Section 3.  [29]  As such, the standard of beyond reasonable doubt is considered to be stricter than its counterpart for civil cases, the balance of probabilities. In The degree of sureness that is needed before a fact is said to be proved, is explained in Section 3. Basically, as per the Section, the Court will consider the case and the related evidence before it can say whether an alleged fact is in fact true. The fact is said to have been proved if the Court is of the opinion that it exists or its being is so probable that a man of ordinary prudence would function under the presumption of its existence.  [30]  This degree, of a fact being proved based on the available evidence, is higher in case of criminal proceedings. The degree here is that of reasonable doubt which essentially means that the Court is convinced beyon d reasonable doubt of the guilt of the accused.  [31]  The burden to prove this guilt, in most cases, rests on the prosecution who has to convince the rational mind of the same. The basis of decision in civil litigation is a mere preponderance of probability whereas the basis in criminal trials the assurance expected is much greater, although this depends from a case to case basis.  [32]  The nature of the evidence and material put on record.  [33]  For example, for a given situation, the evidence produced maybe sufficient to prove a act for the purposes of civil litigation but the same evidence may not be considered adequate to prove a fact in criminal cases.  [34]  The more blatant and deliberate a criminal act seems to be, the more is the need for it to proved with certainty. This is perhaps to avoid the severe consequences arising from a wrongful conviction. Especially in criminal cases, an impartial moral conviction cannot be the sole basis for sentencing the accused but must be backed by such findings and evidence that prove that no other chain of events except the one endorsing the conviction is reasonably possible.  [35]  Those facts which support the incrimination of the accused should be find to be in contravention of the circumstantial evidence on record. This is important even though circumstantial evidence is not given the status of conclusive proof; it is just as important as it acts as a ground for forming suspicion against the accused and a negation of the same would help the case of the accused, again, if proved beyond reasonable doubt.  [36]  For this, the circumstantial evidence recovered should not be justifiable.  [37]  in fact, there is usually no distinction drawn between circumstantial evidence and any other kind of evidence.  [38]  As established is the standard of proof for criminal trials, the same is construed liberally when the burden of proof of proving an exception is shifted to the accused. In other words, in a criminal case, when the burden rests on the prosecution, a fact being proved would mean a higher standard of proof is necessary while the same (in case of exceptions, for example) is lowered when this burden must be discharged by the accused.  [39]  Even so, the Indian Evidence Act doest not contain in its text any mention of the level of satisfaction to be created in a reasonable mans mind being different in a situation where the accused has to discharge the burden of proof from when the prosecution must do so.  [40]  Even though it speaks of a possible shifting of the burden of proof, the fact that the standard of proof is brought down in case of such a shift is explained through decisions of the Court and not based on any statutory provision. It should also be kept in mind that it is not up to the Court to demand that a certain method of proving a fact should be exclusively used with respect to a case before it unless a specific Act requires this to be done. Similarly, the Court cannot ask for a different standard of proof than what is actually sufficient in a particular case. If asked for, it would be deemed a procedural error or an error in law.  [41]   Conclusion In the course of writing this research paper, the researcher has been able to draw a few inferences. Firstly, even though the standard of beyond reasonable doubt is higher, it is nowhere expected that the evidence be able to prove the fact absolutely. As long as there is no scope for a prudent mind to doubt the occurrence of an event, that version of events is termed valid. Also simply because the standard of balance of probabilities is considered to be lower than the standard used in criminal trials, it cannot be validly concluded that the seriousness of the matter in civil cases is not given due regard. In the opinion of the researcher, however, there is also a nexus between the nature of penalty in the two cases and the standard of proof to be discharged. Secondly, quite often, the Courts have received suggestions to design a third standard of proof, which would be somewhere between the criminal standard and the civil one. Even though it seems that this could be the possible solution to peculiar circumstances, like that of criminal allegations within a civil suit, in the humble opinion of the researcher this would create confusion and absurdity, further burdening the judicial system. That there are still ambiguous areas in the presence of two standards shows that perhaps a third standard is not the best step at present.

Narrative about Brown vs. Board of Education :: Rhetoric

Narrative In my Rhetoric 105 class that I am required to take a freshman at the University, we spent the entire semester relating our class work to the ruling of Brown vs. Board. Our main focus was on an author by the name of James Baldwin, a prominent black writer during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. As a requirement for the course we had to attend a campus event related to Brown vs. Board. There were many events all over campus as a result of the campus celebration of the 50th anniversary of the ruling. My choice was to attend a speech given by a man named Julian Bond entitled â€Å"The Broken Promise of Brown.† Having never heard of this man, I took the recommendation of my teacher and attended with my notebook in hand. As I walked to Smith Memorial Hall located on the southeast corner of the Quad, I had no idea what to expect. My initial thoughts saw me as being the only white person in attendance and being surrounded by mostly black people. As I entered the doors of the building I he ard a lot of talking and socializing coming from upstairs. At the bottom of the stairs was a sign indicating that there was a â€Å"by invitation only† reception upstairs. On my way into the auditorium I learned that Mr. Bond was not just a randomly chosen speaker but was instead the chairman of the National Association for Advancement of Colored People. Since the auditorium was hardly filled and still believing that there was going to be a dominantly African-American crowd I came to the conclusion that the people upstairs must all be of African descent. After all, the major supporters of the NAACP are not white people. Inside the auditorium were mostly white people. Many of them were older and accompanied by what appeared to be a significant other. About 10 minutes prior to the beginning of the speech, the people from upstairs began to stream into the auditorium and much to my surprise the crowd coming in was dominantly white. Almost everyone came in with another person. Som e came in groups, some with a significant other and others with just a single friend. After the auditorium was filled, by my estimation it was 65-75% white. This was the opposite of what my initial thoughts were. In my opinion, I thought the speech would relate more to the black population and thus the crowd balance would reflect that.

BMW Operations Management Essay

1. Executive Summary This report will describe a named organisation in terms of a general introduction and background of that organisation. For the organisation described, there will be a detailed account and critique of quality management and capacity management issues within the business. This will then be backed up with relevant academic theory and models; in addition to this there will be a description of their relevance in the business environment, citing examples of their use. The report will then finish with a conclusion and possible recommendations for the chosen organisation in regards to their operational management style and how it could be improved. 2. Introduction 2.1 Background BMW is primarily a German automobile company. It also has operations in aircraft engine production; electronic systems and hardware production; finance; and service. It had revenues of more than $27 billion and net profits of nearly $700 million in 1990, with about 65,000 employees. Bayerische Maschinen Werke GmbH as it is otherwise known was the surviving entity of a merger in 1955 between BMW and Allegemeina Flugzeug Werke (AFW). BMW has a history dating all the way back to the early 1920s when it was founded as a machine shop on the outskirts of Nuremberg. The AFW part of the company was founded in 1910 and was one of the major contributors of military aircraft during the First World War. The automobile industry can be very volatile and mistakes in decision making can prove to e extremely costly. BMW has proved over time that through careful management the number of errors a firm makes can be greatly reduced. BMW’s operations management is also of a high standard; it designed a production system where new parts can be produced in small amounts and only result in a moderate cost. 2.2 Methodology Research will have to be done in developing the report before any reflection can be made on its contents. There are a number of sources available to get the relevant information from; a many number of books are accessible that go into great detail on each subject within operations management. These will provide a range of academic theory and models which can then be applied into business terms. The internet also provides a vast amount of information that can be used as a reference in the writing of the report, it not only refers to academic theory but also other authors reflections on certain topics which can then be used to draw ideas and apply them to the report. 2.3 Structure of the Report This report will describe a named organisation in terms of a general introduction and background of that organisation. For the organisation described, there will be a detailed account and critique of quality management and capacity management issues within the business. This will then be backed up with relevant academic theory and models; in addition to this there will be a description of their relevance in the business environment, citing examples of their use. The report will then finish with a conclusion and possible recommendations for the chosen organisation in regards to their operational management style and how it could be improved. 3. Findings The operations management task is defined as the day-to-day production of goods that continually requires decisions to be made and the implementation of changes. Operations Management is different to that of other management topics such as strategy, marketing or finance. Whereas these fields are based on theory such as economic, social, and mathematical factors; Operations Management is much more difficult to pin down to a specific aspect. It takes into account a vast array of academic and practical applications that when communally put together produce a basis from which decisions can be made. Operation managers that work inside an organisation work on the foundation of balancing the quality of the service that they provide against the resources they currently have available to them. They are required to be highly skilled in managing their current capacity output so that it can cope with the ever changing levels of demand placed upon their organisation. There are many ways that managers cope with the levels of demand; a manufacturing manager such as BMW would attempt to influence the demand through an assortment of different marketing techniques. In any organisation there will be a relationship between their capacity management, quality management, and their resource productivity. There are a number of issues that arise when trying to manage the organisations supply and demand. Managers must keep to their productivity targets without adversely affecting the quality of the product that they produce; striking a balance can prove difficult especially in the automobile industry where mistakes can prove to be very costly. 3.1 Capacity Management Capacity management is finding the balance between the demand from customers and the capability of the organisation in satisfying that demand. There is a great need for managers to forecast what they think the demand might be in the future so they can sufficiently change their capacity to cope with the change. Where the capacity of the organisation is limited the focus will be on influencing the demand to be in line with the available capacity, this is referred to as level strategy. The opposite of this is chase strategy; this is where the supply can be changed to meet the fluctuating level of demand. Managers can direct their operational control by altering the capacity of the organisation, hold items in inventory in case of a sudden increase in demand, oblige customers to wait for their product, or attempt to influence the demand themselves. In the automobile industry it is possible for an organisation to produce cars in advance of demand and hold it in inventory. Operations managers must at all times be wary of their current capacity, to what degree it can be changed, the costs involved in changing that capacity, and the speed in which the change can happen. This is most important in organisations where profitability is linked to that of capacity and the prices charged for their product or service. BMW is already a leader in the niche car segment of the automobile industry. To retain that status BMW built a $660 million Research & development centre and plans to invest more than $1 billion each year in finding new ways to exploit their position as a market leader. BMW are aware of the fact that they are not one of the biggest companies in the industry and can’t mimic the bigger companies who have far greater capacity and financial power. BMW try to innovate new ways to stay ahead of their competitors. They designed a new manufacturing plant where the cars would move down the assembly line on an independently powered gantry. The new technology would produce sound waves so that collisions can be avoided, thus reducing the need for more workers and also reducing the risk of unwanted accidents in the plant. The output achieved by any capacity management system depends on a number of factors that relate the resources currently available to the actual output of the organisation. It is sometimes inevitable in the niche car segment that an organisation will run out of capacity to cope with the ever changing levels of demand. If this problem occurs then the management can carry out two possible courses of action: o Allow the quality of the product to decline o Attempt to influence the demand so it doesn’t affect the organisation in the long term. In the scenario where the capacity of the organisation is in excess of the demand, this can lead to lower efficiency and a lower quality service to the customer. 3.2 Quality Management BMW believe that quality is of key importance in every stage of the manufacturing process, from product conception to customer feedback. They base their working principles around consistency and complete coverage of all requirements throughout the development and production process. Quality control within BMW is achieved through a system of quality audits at every stage of the manufacturing process; the productions of parts, components and in the assembly plant are all thoroughly maintained. These same quality control principles also apply to their suppliers of materials and components, with all of BMW suppliers agreeing to work to specific specifications of quality. Once cars arrive in the distribution centre, they take on a quality check and have a full pre-delivery inspection before being delivered to the customer. Quality driven organisations are more likely to integrate human resource management into their strategy as employee participation can be seen as key to bolster quality. The BMW management structure allows for teams, comprising of employees from all levels, to react quickly if a fault is found and work together immediately on a problem if one should occur. BMW also benefits from excellent personnel management that allows them to motivate their employees and create a friendly working environment. It provides its workers with a highly competitive pay package and supplies special contracts that allow certain workers to work four-day weeks. Every member of staff is fully responsible for the quality of their work and this well help lead to job enrichment for every member of the workforce. The company has never lost its focus or attempted to spread itself across the entire automobile industry. This is an example of quality management because if the management had been slack, BMW would have lost its focus and attempted to make products for everything and everyone. Manufacturing firms, such as BMW, are always searching for new and innovative ways to cope with global competition in the ever changing business environment. One such process that has been implemented at BMW is that of a focused factory. The complexity that comes with an automobile manufacturer can provide a barrier to managing these facilities, thus the creation of a focused factory solves this problem. The focused factory is a â€Å"plant established to focus the entire manufacturing system on a limited, concise, manageable set of products, technologies, volumes, and markets precisely defined by the company’s strategy, its technology, and its economics.†( APICS Dictionary 1992). Manufacturing companies implement this technique to improve the organisations productivity, quality, and responsiveness. BMW can focus their equipment, employees, and technology one specific tasks rather than using the same technique for all of their different projects. Implementing focused factories make it easier to manage production systems, reduce inventories, and reduce manufacturing space and investment requirements. As BMW have a strong quality emphasis with more attention being given to the performance of the organisation, the use of appraisals is crucial to the requirements that lead to producing a quality product. They place customers at the centre of attention as it is in any organisation that takes quality so seriously. The appraisal process necessitates the employees to evaluate each of their peers so that it encourages them to produce quality work and so to satisfy their customer-supplier relationship. 4. Conclusion Successful automobile manufacturers in the future will need to maximise efficiency, eliminate waste, adapt to change and implement strategies that stay in line with their customer requirements. BMW will need to keep modernising their internal operations to keep up with the constant changing in the automobile industry. Streamlining their plants will facilitate the balance between supply and demand while keeping the quality of their product high. Decisions within BMW are now made throughout the organisation, from the factory floor up to the chief executives. This has increased the communication between all levels of the organisation making it more flat and thus increasing the quality of the automobiles. Jobs have become more diversified with the need for new knowledge and skills becoming more crucial, as the global competition increases, more needs are placed on the company to provide products that meet consumer desires. The main link between the customer and organisation has always been the shop floor assistant. Performance feedback, audit results, and customer opinion surveys are the ways in which organisations know if they are doing there job to satisfactory standard. BMW make sure that the assembly workers are aware of the consumers’ requirements by providing suitable training and sound environment so that those requirements can be met. Organisations that cut down on investment in employee development will suffer a decrease in employee performance due to the close relationship between the two, and this will ultimately filter down to the consumers. Operations management in relation to automobile manufacture is crucial in defining priorities and identifying possible problems. One possible problem that might be confronted in the near future is that of overcapacity in terms of passenger cars. It is seen that other cars such as sport-utility vehicles don’t suffer from overcapacity as they are usually custom made to the consumers’ preferences. Passenger cars are normally batch produced on a production line in their thousands and organisations have a wealth of stock kept in their inventory. Automakers usually add capacity in the 100,000s so the market is never satisfied precisely; there is either a demand lag or a saturation of the market. Costs remain vitally important in making strategic product-line decisions. Regardless of the preferred quality or productivity quota, BMW must stay concerned with the continuous improvement of the business by improving quality, productivity, customer service, and delivery. 5. References Quality management: How four European companies succeeded? Nguyen, Andrea, Kleiner, Brian H. Business Credit. New York: Nov/Dec 1994.Vol.96, Iss. 10; pg. 32, 3 pgs Chrysler and minivans: Are we there yet? Vido, Adrian. CMA. Hamilton: Nov 1993.Vol.67, Iss. 9; pg. 11, 6 pgs The ‘coping’ capacity management strategy in services industry Armistead, Colin G, Clark, Graham. International Journal of Service Industry Management. Bradford: 1994.Vol.5, Iss. 2; pg. 5, 18 pgs Continuous improvement through the focused factory Elmore, Robert C, Natarajan, R, Rezaee, Zahihollah. CMA. Hamilton: Feb 1995.Vol.69, Iss. 1; pg. 21, 4 pgs The two worlds of operations management research and practice: Can they meet, should they meet? Nigel Slack, Michael Lewis, Hilary Bates. International Journal of Operations & Production Management. Bradford: 2004.Vol.24, Iss. 3/4; pg. 372 Tools and Techniques – A Current Responsibility Miller, John A.. CMA. Hamilton: Feb 1992.Vol.66, Iss. 1; pg. 34, 1 pgs http://www.bmweducation.co.uk (Accessed 16th March 2005) http://www.bmw.co.uk (Accessed 16th March 2005) APICS Dictionary, 7th Edition, APICS, Falls Church, Virginia, 1992. Sam Bench 03169230

Troy †Evidence of Homer

The role that Homer played in our understanding of the Trojan War by his writing the Iliad has been one of great significance. The turn of the 8th Century saw the writing of the Iliad from the Ancient Greek writer, Homer, which was roughly 3,000 years ago. Heinrich Schliemann, a wealthy German business, dedicated his energy and considerable fortune to discovering the Troy Homer describes in the Iliad. By using the writings, Schliemann was able to locate the site of the Ancient city of Troy.Manfred Korfmann, a German archaeologist, interested in the city of Troy itself, set out to find out the truth about Troy through science, rather than using the Iliad as a guide, but when researching and discovering historic events in Troy, numerous finds matched up to Homer’s writings. Armed conflicts in 1200 B. C, around the same time as the Bronze Age, further highlights the impression that the Trojan War did in fact happen, just as Homer had stated in the Iliad.In the time when Homerâ₠¬â„¢s Iliad stated the Trojan War took place, and when conflicts were apparent, the Greek â€Å"Mycenaean’s†, believed to have been involved in the Trojan War, were at the height of power and were known to be warriors. This can help prove the violent aspects and conflicts that were written in the Iliad. The Hittie Empire was that of superflous power, and over the great technology and riches they had, meant that the written tablets they had left behind were of vital importance.Much like what Homer had written throughout the Iliad, the tablets contained clues to a great battle fought over an Ancient city named Wulisa, the same exact name Homer had called the ancient city of Troy in the Iliad. Homer’s Iliad therefore shaped our understanding of the events that led to the Trojan War, and those that took place during it. Our understanding of the Trojan War has been shaped Homer and the Iliad. Heinrich Schliemann arguably is one of the most famous archaeologists when reffering to the discovery of Troy.Infatuated with the idea of finding the lost city of Troy, Schliemann used all of his money, time and will power to find it. Studying the Iliad tirelessly, Schliemann discovered what he believed to be the location of Troy, and began excavating in search for the stories held within the walls. Using his own copy of Homer’s Iliad, examining the geographic clues that the writings contained, Schliemann located what is believed to be the location of the ancient city. Despite the believed location being found by Schliemann using Homer’s Iliad, German archeolgist Manfred Korfmann was interested in he science of the ancient city, rather than the written work of Homer. But, excavating the side and relocating the search to a much broader area, not even Manfred Korfmann could argue with the descriptions that Homer wrote in the Iliad, and how closely related they were to the large uncovered city. As Korfmann’s team began the tireless ventur e to look for clues, they found things that result to the belief of violence. Arrow heads were found on the lower levels of Troy, for close combat fighting, which links to Homer’s recount of the Greek Myceanians taking down Troy from the inside.Korfmann, whilst continuing the hunt for clues, found that a catastrophe had taken place within the great walls of the ancient city, the catastrophe being a large fire, enough to burn down the city. In the Iliad, Homer states that after the city was unrun by the Greek Myceanians, they burnt the town to the ground. A corpse of a girl, around the age of 16 or 17, was found in the middle of the city. Foul play was noted, due to her feet being burned by fire, as well as half her body buried in an open space.This was unusual for the time of such spiritual believers in the afterlife, that results in the belief of a quick fast burial. The fast burial could have been because of the overruling of the city, at the hands of the Greek Myceanians, just as Homer had written it in the Iliad. Manfred Korfmann believes that Troy was a city that was seiged, defended but most of all defeated in the war. The findings pointed to a great battle, which saw the falling of Troy, at the end of the late bronze age, just as Homer’s legend in the Iliad had said.Although Manfred Korfmann stated that his belief in the Iliad was not reason enough to excavate the city as Schliemann had done, the remarkable similarties between the descriptions Homer had written in the Iliad of what took place, was far too coincidental to not take notice. Homer’s Iliad has stated that the Trojan war was an armed conflict, one of the greatest conflicts of all time. Our knowledge and understanding of the Trojan War therefore has been shaped and influenced greatly by Homer and the Iliad. 200 B. C. , also known as the Bronze Age, was a time believed that armed conflicts were taking place. All evidence shows us that a heated conflict was raging where we n ow know lies Greece and the area that was called ‘Wilios’, which Homer states as the city in which the Trojan war took place. Homer wrote, â€Å"A multitude of rulers is not a good thing. Let there be one ruler, one king. † This quotation directly from the Iliad helps with our understanding of what the Greek Mycenaean’s were all about.They were known for their greed, thirst for power and riches due to farmland and copious amounts of food supplies. The sophistication of the way Greeks lived was of high upkeep and strong reliance on natural resources. The Iliad states that the Greek Mycenaean’s were the most powerful army of the late Bronze Age, mainly because of their hunger and maliciousness in regards to attaining power. It is believed that during this time, the Mycenaean’s were on the hunt for Bronze and Gold to expand their land. At the time, the ancient city of Troy was rich in Bronze.This could’ve have, knowing that the Greek Myce naean’s were known warriors and very powerful, been reason enough for the Trojan war to take place. Manfred Korfmann, the German archaeologist who excavated Troy, believes that Ancient Troy was an important trading route within the trading routes around the world. He states, â€Å"Everything that was taken between Europe to Asia should have passed through here. † Homer wrote that the Greek Mycenaean’s were powerful, but also greedy, in a way that the abundance of riches that Troy had could’ve been appealing enough to the great Kings of Greece, appealing enough to start a war.Our understanding of the Trojan War has been greatly shaped by that of Homer in his writings of the Iliad and the key descriptions of the Greek Mycenaean’s, in which they were merciless warriors and very powerful. In the Iliad, Homer states that what we know to be named as Troy was actually named Wilios. When archaeologist found that the powerful Hittite empire had written arte facts that were of vital importance when pinpointing the exact location the Great War had taken place.Archaeologist examined the tablets, looking for any mention of Troy, which was then found to be named Wilusa, which in Ancient Greek was the same name used for Troy. Homer had written and used the Name Wilios in the Iliad, when referring to the Ancient city of Troy. The tablets found stated, â€Å"Mycenaean warriors had once fought at the gates of Wilusa. † Although even though the evidence matched up with that of Homer’s writings in the Iliad, archaeologists couldn’t be sure that Wulisa/Wilios was the exact same place of what we know now to be Troy.But the tablets held more vital information, including the description of a water tunnel in ‘Wulisa’, which was dated to be around 1000 years after the late Bronze Age. Using evidence from the tunnel, it was dated to be of use at the exact same time these tablets from the Hittite Empire were being writte n. By deciphering the tablets found and left behind by the great Hittite Empire, the clues and descriptions of what happened all those years ago directly linked with the same descriptions that Homer had used for Ancient Troy in the Iliad.Our understanding of what took place in relation to the Trojan War, as well as who was involved and why the war had begun in the first place, was greatly influenced by Homer and his writings of the Iliad. The discovery of the area in which Troy laid to rest, founded by Heinrich Schliemann who used the Iliad to find the city, as well as Manfred Korfmann who couldn’t ignore the similarities between what he found within the walls of what he believed to be Troy and what Homer had written in the Iliad are all substantial evidence of the influence Homer had on our understanding.These evidential points, as well as the knowledge of armed conflicts, the demeanor that the Greek Mycenaean’s possessed and the ancient tablet inscriptions left behin d from another powerful ancient civilization further displays the influence that Homer had on our understanding of the Trojan War, through his writings in the Iliad.

Buddhism Animal Ethics

Buddhism Animal Ethics Buddhism is a religion that has its origins in the beliefs of Prince Siddhartha Gautama. Prince Gautama’s sole purpose was to seek spiritual enlightenment by denouncing his enviable social standing. Eventually, Buddhism spread to Asia.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Buddhism Animal Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, Buddhist teachings later separated into various factions although most fundamental principles remained the same. Buddhism has since spread from its original confines in Asia to the rest of the world. Buddhist teachings touch on several aspects of daily life including nature, morality, ethics, and spirituality. One of the most prominent teachings on Buddhism covers human beings’ treatment of animals. Followers of Buddhism adhere to a strict code of ethics when it comes to the treatment of animals. Most vegetarians around the world lean on these teachings when supporting their beliefs and practices. Buddhist beliefs about animal ethics elicit several concerns including their impacts on the environment and health. This paper discusses the Buddhist teachings on animal ethics and their relation to the health system. The Buddhist religion holds animals in high regard and considers them to be ‘sentient beings’. However, the most prominent animal-based belief in Buddhism comes from the fact that the religion teaches that â€Å"human beings can be reborn as animals and animals can be reborn as human beings† (Buswell 1990). Consequently, many Buddhists consider most animals to be their distant relatives who were reborn as animals. Consequently, because animals are people who have been reborn thus, it is difficult to distinguish between the ethics that apply to animals and those that apply to human beings. On the other hand, Buddhism articulates that human beings and animals were part of a single family and issues of superiority should not fea ture between them. In early Buddhism, women and animals could not achieve Buddhahood.Advertising Looking for article on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, â€Å"the achievement of Buddhahood by Lotus Sutra the daughter of Dragon King lifted restrictions against women and animals† (Buswell 1990). In the five precepts of Buddhism, the killing of human beings is prohibited. However, a more comprehensive interpretation of this precept reveals that the prohibition of murder applies to all sentient beings. Under Buddhism, animals are sentient beings and thus should not be killed by human beings (Williams 2007). The belief against killing animals ushers in the concept of vegetarianism in Buddhism. Buddhists abide to a non-harm attitude against animals and this includes indirect harm. Not all Buddhist adherents are vegetarians but a sizeable portion of this group adheres to this practice. Ano ther prominent belief in Buddhism is the practice of releasing animals into the world. Most Buddhists in East Asia engage in the practice of demonstrating â€Å"Buddhist pity by releasing animals to their natural environment† (Debien 2005). The practice of animal release is fairly common in both China and Tibet. The release of domesticated birds, fish, and other animals is one of the most controversial Buddhist teachings because the practice has been found to have negative effects on bio-diversity and the environment at large. Buddhist teachings on animal ethics have direct or indirect impacts on the health system. The first health concern comes from the Buddhist tradition of vegetarianism. Previously, vegetarianism was thought to have adverse effects on the health of individuals. However, health professionals have since found that vegetarianism tends to have more benefits than shortcomings. A few decades ago, most people were of the view that abstaining from meat and its rel ated products led to nutritional deficiency.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Buddhism Animal Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, modern science indicates that â€Å"individuals who practice vegetarianism are likely to have lower cholesterol levels, lower body mass index, less incidences of hypertension, and lower blood pressure† (Williams 2007). The Buddhist practice of releasing animals into their natural environment has several impacts on the eco system. For instance, releasing animals into the world can introduce new elements into an unfamiliar environment. When invasive animals are introduced into the environment, they have detrimental effects on the eco-system. Some animals are carriers of disease causing pathogens and releasing them into an unfamiliar environment might facilitate the spread of diseases. A portion of Buddhist adherents captures animals with the sole intention of relea sing them later. Handling wild animals can lead to the spread of diseases. Buddhist teachings on animal ethics have an impact on tissue and organ transplantation. Buddhist factions have contradicting teachings on the issue of organ donations. Some Buddhists believe that it is in their best interest to donate organs in order to alleviate suffering. The belief that organ donation alleviates suffering is in line with Buddhist teachings on compassion. Another Buddhist faction believes that when a person dies, he/she retains his/her ‘sentient being’ for some time. Consequently, some Buddhists will be against organ harvesting/donation immediately after death. Consequently, by the time the body has lost its ‘sentient ‘being’ it will be too late to donate organs. Buddhism is one of the most dominant religions in the world. Buddhism teaches about several aspects of animal ethics. Some of these ethics affect both followers and non-followers of Buddhism. Buddhis ts believe in several practices that are meant to honor the integrity of the animals.Advertising Looking for article on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Buswell R 1990, Chinese Buddhist Aprcrypha, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. Debien, N 2005, Animal liberation Buddhist style, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Sydney. Williams, D 2007, Animal liberation, death, and the state: Rites to release animals in  Medieval Japan, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

Ngos As Alternative Service Providers Children And Young People Essay Essays

Ngos As Alternative Service Providers Children And Young People Essay Essays Ngos As Alternative Service Providers Children And Young People Essay Essay Ngos As Alternative Service Providers Children And Young People Essay Essay which are ratified by provinces and are adhering to all future decision makers. Yet after so many attempts and promises to implement the Torahs and fundamental laws the weaker subdivision of the society, non merely in India but in all parts of the universe, is still denied the human rights of quality instruction, wellness and equality. Hence a demand was felt to look for some sort of alternate method or manner out to make full this spread. It is because of this ground Non Governmental Organizations ( NGOs ) are formed to shoulder the duty of functioning the poorest of hapless with the authorities. In a big developing state like India, Non Governmental Organizations ( NGOs ) act as alternate or complementary service suppliers and seek to bridge the legion spreads in the developmental procedures between range and demand of services. These alternate service suppliers play an of import function by assisting authoritiess through advocating, partnering and complementing the plants of the province in order to guarantee that all those who are excluded, enjoy their right of equality in society. Healthy and learned people are the nucleus of any development. Lack of entree to the instruction, firmly acquired cognition, accomplishments and good wellness is a agency for its decline. Sustainable development is possible merely through the entree to meaningful larning which in bend is important for improved productiveness, lessened poorness, improved and preventative wellness attention, empowered adult females and enhanced equality. NGOs, as development spouses, have the chief harmonizing function to play in states where authoritiess have failed or are unable to carry through their customary function. In the wellness and instruction sectors, there are many success narratives that non merely created the needed physical substructure but besides developed the academic and caring environment for those who are still left out. NGOs as bearers of inclusive growing Government of India is concentrating on the fiscal inclusion of the society at big. But still there is a greater demand for the inclusive society so as the underserved must non experience left out. Here NGOs can play a better function for the integrating of this weaker subdivision with the society where authorities s attempts are non able to carry through the spreads and the aspirations. Entree to basic instruction and wellness attention installations are fundamentally considered as the premier duties of authoritiess. Governments try to be in line with the internationally agreed ends of Education for All which province that primary instruction should be free and compulsory. The chief aim behind these marks was on augmenting entree of kids to basic formal instruction provided by authoritiess. Role of authoritiess as a facilitator of basic instruction is pertinent as a literate society can take an advantage in constructing state s individuality and can besides accumulate benefits of societal and economic development. Not merely the society at big but persons can besides be benefited in footings of life style, lifecycle and across coevalss. In developing states like India, the jussive mood for educated people is even greater, as it is non merely about exerting the right to be learned and a responsibility to part towards the state for its development, but it is beside s of import for guaranting security. Health attention and instruction are the primary service sectors given these are the largest, the most prevailing and perceptible establishments in the state, seeable even in the privy parts. Due to their cultural, societal and economic dimensions of wellness and instruction sectors, these are the most complex establishments to administrate and pull off. Thus, irrespective of all the attempts and money put in for the fulfilment of constitutional pledge of Education for All and Healthy Citizens , India is still fighting with the serious issues of hapless quality, deficiency of motive, disorganisation and unequal entree in the schooling and wellness system. Furthermore, where the authorities s proviso to recognize the aims of cosmopolitan primary instruction and healthy citizens has been unequal to carry through demand, the sustainable and long-run partnership of authorities and NGOs can bridge this spread. NGOs as stakeholders in the administration act as driving force behind grea ter cooperation through the active mobilisation of public support for a peculiar cause. With transformed focal point on spread outing the installations of quality wellness attention and instruction and to be in sync with the ends of international bureaus, greater attending is being paid on function of non authorities stakeholders that they are playing and could play in back uping helpers and authorities in accomplishing marks, while authorities being the chief supplier. This attracts consideration of the altering function of the authorities needs to play in back uping the demands of improved wellness attention installations and quality primary instruction in instances where it is non the direct supplier. The authorities s function differs harmonizing to the type of the NGO and the extent to which they compliment the public bringing of the services. NGOs advocate their function towards the accomplishment of ends of inclusive growing either by seting force per unit area on the authorities bureaus or by affecting straight as attention takers. The underserved may take many signifiers including those difficult to range in footings of gender, street kids, orphans, disbanded kids in station struggle countries, kids with disablements, refugees, kid laborers etc. These underserved are non able to avail their basic necessities of instruction and wellness and hence can non be a portion of inclusive growing because of poorness, and or because of socio cultural and other demand related grounds. Inadequate supply of resources in stray and rural countries can farther worsen these bottlenecks. NGOs and Orphan s demand for Education and Health As per a survey conducted by SOS Children s small town based on 3rd National Health Survey, there are about 20 million kids ( about 4 % of the entire population ) are orphan. Harmonizing to this, 0.3 % kids were orphaned because of decease of their parents and rest 99.7 % have been abandoned. The chief grounds for such high figures are ascribed to poverty as the chief subscriber while societal agitation and terrorist act in some provinces, as revealed by this study of SOS Children s small town. Poverty, disablement, dissensions, and deficiency of consciousness are notable bottlenecks to many kids acquiring into schools. Economic adversities and society s deficiency of involvement and protection mean that orphans may lose the chance to avail the installations provided by the public wellness system every bit good. Children who have been orphaned by the decease of parents or the individual surviving parent is non able to take attention, are normally discarded by society, denied fondness and attention and left with few resources to populate on. For societal and economic grounds these kids frequently drop out from schools. Sometimes these kids are ill-fed and suffer from sick wellness and are at a hazard of mistreatment and carelessness. In many state of affairss these kids are pushed into illicit activities and sexual activities in instance of miss kid. India is go forthing no rocks unturned with the aim to convey orphan into the mainstream. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Ministry, Health Ministry and Education Ministry of Indian authorities have implemented assorted public assistance and wellness strategies for the underprivileged. Besides there are more than 800 orphanhoods across India for the upliftment of this underserved subdivision of society. The authorities s enterprise to better the entree of primary instruction and wellness attention installations for orphans is rooted in the importance of basic human rights for all kids. This attempt of authorities s can guarantee a position of equality and societal security among all subdivisions of society. The benefits of societal incorporation, psychological development, secure and structured environment etc. can be leveraged by confabulating cognition and life accomplishments. Vishwa Nirmal Prem Ashram The NGO The Vishwa Nirmal Prem Ashram is a Non Government Charitable Organisation in Greater NOIDA, U.P. , has developed a theoretical account that uses wellness attention and instruction as a agency of undertaking the jobs of orphan, with the chief focal point on miss kid and impoverished adult females without any distinction of caste, faith, part, race or coloring material. The ashram is a undertaking of H. H. Shri Mataji Devi Foundation. The organisation is registered under the Trust Registration Act and Foreign Contribution Regulation Act ( FCRA ) . The organisation is funded by the members of the Sahaj Yoga Organization and there are some international givers every bit good. Seminars and workshops are conducted as fund elevation activities. NGO does non acquire any fiscal aid from the authorities bureaus. Mrs. Giesla Matzer, the Executive Director told that the ashram is controlled but non sponsored by the province authorities. The Ashram is managed and run by the president Sir C. P. Srivastava and the legal guardians. The twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activities are administered by Austrian Citizen Mrs. Gisela Matzer, the Executive Director. She is really dearly being called Oma by the occupants and is like grandma who ever showers them with her motherly love. Mrs. Darshi Gursharan, the darling grandma, has many old ages of experience as a school principal. The NGO has two subdivisions viz. the Vishwa Nirmal Prem Ashram and Sahaja Yoga Health and Research Centre. The Ashram spreads over 10,120 square metres. The edifice is teeming with exuberant green gardens and pools, therefore one is ever in nature s lap. The garden has many trees, shrubs and flowers. Therefore one feels wholly in melody with Mother Nature throughout the twelvemonth. Building of ashram encompasses four good furnished large halls, good equipped kitchen, dining hall, physician s room, two invitees suites, computing machine room, a little beauty parlor, and library. A adult female, being the female parent, is the Godhead and refinisher of all world. However, I n our society the figure of needy, abandoned adult females and misss is highly big and this is the most incapacitated subdivision of the society. The chief push of Vishwa Nirmal Prem Ashram has been to work for this suffering subdivision of society by supplying them shelter, doing them capable to get accomplishment sets through vocational preparation for sustained life and therefore assisting them to incorporate into society. Get downing its work in 2003 in Greater NOIDA metropolis of Uttar Pradesh, Vishwa Nirmal Prem Ashram is founded with the vision have pure maternally love for every homo, every animate being, and the whole Earth. Develop interior balance and peace ; be corporate, tolerant and respectful to everyone. This NGO has provided shelter to 54 misss who have been unfortunate to lose their parents at a really immature age. Girls with individual parent are besides provided shelter under extraordinary fortunes when that individual parent is non capable of supplying a good environment because of unfortunate such as being physically challenged or unwellness. The age group of kids varies from the really immature to striplings. The 2nd subdivision Sahaja Yoga Health and Research Centre was started in the twelvemonth 2011 with the impression to supply free wellness attention installations to the occupants of ashram and out-of-door patients. The Health Centre is situated in picturesque, green milieus and is a alone Health Centre of its sort in the universe. At the Health Centre intervention for diseases is done by vibratory consciousness, developed through Sahaja Yoga speculation. Since its origin, the wellness Centre is has witnessed an increasing figure of patients and has attracted many abroad visitants and many Indians. Cases of Hypertension, Bronchial Asthma, Diabetes, Migraine, Epilepsy, Depression and Cancer have been cured at the Health Centre. Entree to instruction for the hard-to-reach kids The Formal Education System Government enterprises to reform the educational service sector by concentrating on teaching method and instruction and preparation procedures as a agency of increasing quality of instruction have non been equal to convey about an effectual and transmutation in the quality of instruction. The thought of the NGO was conceived by Mata Nirmala Devi, which is developing schemes for educational inclusion of orphans and offering aid to destitute adult females. The Vishwa Nirmal Prem Ashram started with the impression to set kids in formal schooling system. The VNPA has developed and introduced systematic and advanced pedagogic attacks like multi degree instruction, kid centered instruction, development of cognitive and non cognitive accomplishments among kids and integrated acquisition. The misss of ashram are sent to go to nearby English medium schools. In campus computing machine coaching is provided to the occupants. The chief ground behind the formal schooling is that the misss would be associated with positive images of a more professionally developed, and regulated system. This would assist girls to happen occupations in formal sector and would hold a sustained and unafraid hereafter. As per the information provided by Mrs. Gisela Matzer ( Oma ) , the pull offing manager, two of the misss of ashram are prosecuting their calling in hotel direction. Girls are assisted in their prep by professional instructors and they have particular tuition categories for pupils every bit good. Depending upon the involvements and endowments they are trained in assorted art signifiers and skill sets from immature age. Fiscal aid and other aids are provided to the grown-up misss for their higher surveies. These are provided with needed support to happen suited occupations and many are besides helped in marriage based upon their will. In marital instances, the Sahaj Yogis are preferred and there is a system of proper checking of backgrounds in such state of affairss. In few instances individuals outside their community are allowed to get married adult females or misss of ashram. Vocational Training The Non formal Education System Merely reading and authorship accomplishments are non sufficient for kids, they should be equipped with life accomplishments as a mean for their sustained hereafter. There must be commissariats for development of cognitive and non cognitive accomplishments. The course of study and learning methodological analysiss should be pertinent and meaningful for the life state of affairss of underprivileged. To run into out such outlooks, invention and quality betterment is demanded in the countries of instruction. NGO proviso frequently intends to convey benefits in footings of the alternate signifiers of teaching method and answerability it aims to offer is trough non formal instruction system. Non formal educational system may be defined as any systematic and organized educational activity, different from formal schooling system, used to supply selected types of acquisition and accomplishments to peculiar subgroups of the population, grownups every bit good as kids. Non formal instructi on includes preparations in the countries like agriculture and occupational accomplishments, grownup literacy programmes and assorted community programmes of direction in wellness, household planning and the similar. In this respect Vishwa Nirmal Prem Ashram along with formal schooling to its kids is aimed at supplying developing in assorted non mainstream classs like music, picture, cookery, embellishment tailoring, manner designing, beauty attention, handcrafts, and Indian classical/folk dance. These preparation are carried out with the chief focal point on fiting the occupants with employability accomplishments and developing occupants to be stockholders of the turning society. Besides the non formal instruction is a cutoff and cost effectual manner of supplying basic instruction. These non mainstream preparations besides are the fund elevation activities for the organisation by selling art and trade points. Seminars, Excursions and other activities To do them experience as an built-in portion of the society, the occupants of NGO are involved in assorted plans and festivals inside and outside the Ashram. All the festivals like Holi, Diwali, Christmas, and Raksha Bandhan are celebrated by the household members of Ashram. These misss are besides appreciated by the community and the society members for their engagement in assorted cultural activities. Sahaja Yoga seminars and programmes are attended by the occupants across India. NGO Involvement in Health Research and Development In ashram every new entrant has to undergo extended medical medical examination in order to guarantee that she is non enduring from catching diseases. Every occupant has to do a wellness medical examination on regular footing. For minor unwellness of occupants in house medical installations are at that place. In instance of unremitting complaints the misss are resident ladies are taken to nearby infirmaries in Greater Noida, NOIDA or Delhi. As per the information provided by the Executive Director, Mrs. Gisela Matzer, some infirmaries provide free beds to the patients of NGO whereas other disbursals like medical specialty etc. are to be borne by the ashram itself. Time to clip dental cantonments and wellness medical examination cantonments are organized with the aid of medical bureaus. Since the occupants of the Ashram come from really down life state of affairss, the interior strength and peace is indispensable. Yoga, speculation and other accomplishments are taught to adult females and misss that help them flog injury and hence have inner balance and peace. These patterns are based on the rules of Sahaj Yoga speculation to accomplish the highest province of consciousness. This gives them a feeling of being loved and respected and besides gives them a feeling of societal security. Because of her empathy and concern to relieve human tortures, Shri Mataji has created a Health and Research Centre in the premises of ashram to work out the most urgent jobs of the society like wellness and besides to assist them go better persons through the procedure of Sahaj Yoga. Decision While entree to province schooling has grown in many states in recent old ages, a hardcore of marginalised kids continue to be excluded from this. The aims to include these marginalized kids into mainstream to some extent are realized by NGOs. The enterprises put in by The Vishwa Nirmala Prem Ashram to derive entree to the primary instruction are deserving appreciating. The influences engendered by the NGO can be summarized as follows: Teaching, steering, reding and fostering kids to do them responsible and productive citizens of India. For a sustained and unafraid hereafter and to be a portion of mainstream fiting these kids with life accomplishments by supplying and helping with instruction and preparation. Sponsorship for school fees and higher proficient instruction as the instance may be. Supplying safe oasis for those kids and adult females who are stateless and kids who are unfortunate non holding parents. To supply health care installations for orphan and impoverished adult females with the aid of in house physicians every bit good as multispecialty infirmaries. By set uping undertakings and activities that generate income for the misss and adult females of the ashram. Helping grownup misss in marriage if these misss wish to. Helping adult females and big misss of the ashram in occupations and arrangement activities for subsistence. Helping occupants to get by up with the quandary of life through speculation utilizing rule of Sahaj Yoga and therefore giving a positive and thoughtful attack towards life. In the visible radiation of these points, it may be concluded that unless NGOs make important part in the publicity and execution of scientific, advanced and culturally suited attacks to better the conditions of underprivileged in the Fieldss of wellness attention and instruction, their best attempts may non turn out sufficient for stoping assorted jobs faced by this subdivision of society. The function of NGOs in sensitising underprivileged and do them demand their entitlements for basic rights is really important. Table 1: Regulating Body of NGO Name Appellation Chairperson Sir C.P. Srivastava Secretary Prof. Kiran Walia Treasurer Mr. V.A.Deopujari Executive Director Mrs. Gisela Matzer Member Mrs. Sadhana Varma Member Mrs. Vineeta Shanker Member Mrs. Neeta Rai Member Mrs. Malini Khanna Member Mrs. Malti Prasad Member Ms Darshi Gurdarshan Table 2: The nucleus activities of the NGO Surveyed Name of the Administration Vishwa Nirmala Prem Ashram Location Greater NOIDA The Model A rehabilitation of impoverished adult females and orphan kids

Australian Business Sustainabilit Report

G4 GRI Guidelines offers guidance in a user friendly manner and helps in improving the technical quality of the guidelines, so as to eliminate the chances of ambiguity and diverse interpretations, so that it benefits the users and reports of such information, in a uniform manner. These guidelines help in focusing upon what matters and where it matters. These guidelines also enable the identification of the critical matters which have to be managed and changed, and if the entity is ready to manage such matters or not. Further, these guidelines are focused on the material sustainability related issues. Corporate Governance refers to the practices, standards, and rules, which a company has to follow, to ensure that the company works in a justified manner. Corporate Governance involves social responsibility and relates to balance of the interests of the various stakeholders, including the customers, financiers, shareholders, management, community, as well as, the government. Corporate governance includes the decisions made by the management of the company and often involves a lot of issues with it. The Board of the company has been committed in providing satisfactory returns to its stakeholders, as well as, fulfilling the obligations, along with the responsibilities associated with corporate governance, in the best interest of the company. The company is working towards ensuring that the composition of the Board has the appropriate mix of skills, as well as, is as per the corporate governance standards. The company has to face issues regarding the independent status of one of its directors and had to review the position as well as relationship of all of its directors (Wesfarmers, 2015). The company also complies with the Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations issued by the ASX Corporate Governance Council’s third edition (Wesfarmers, 2015). Wesfarmers is affected by various material sustainability issues. To help the social issues, the company supports the local communities, especially in cases of natural disasters. Further, to monitor the quality issues related to the products of the company, the company offers ‘Greener Work Place’, as well as measures the delivered in-full on time. Other issues relating to the matter of corporate governance and social responsibility relates to the inherent risk associated with the operations of Wesfarmers, for instance, the safety incidents, the supply chain issues, and the products-services liability risks. The company is constantly engaged with its stakeholders to understand the issues which affect them (Wesfarmers, 2015). These issues are addressed and the progress is reported in the sustainability report of the company. The sustainability issues are managed by the Board of the company at divisional level and are regularly reported. In the following parts, these issues affecting the various stakeholders of the company, in line of the G4 GRE Guidelines have been highlighted. The company has been following a range of G4 GRI Guidelines (Wesfarmers, 2015). The level of self-adherence of these guidelines has been summarized below: G4-DMA, G4-EN15, G4-EN16, and G4-EN17 Social: Labor Practices And Decent Work Equal Remuneration For Women And Men Supplier Assessment For Labor Practices Freedom Of Association And Collective Bargaining The level of adherence of these guidelines for the year 2014 and 2015 has been summarized below. A comparison has also been made, along with the comments on the noncompliance of the particular guidelines. The company is responsible for providing employment to one out of 55 Australians. The company earns 98% of its revenues from the country, as well as, 75% of the shares of the company on issue, are held in the country (Wesfarmers, 2014). The company had employed 207282 people till June 2014. The statistics reveal that for the year 2014, the company had made direct contributions amounting to 44.6 million dollars and the indirect contributions amounting to 50.8 million dollars (Wesfarmers, 2014). This makes the community contributions, by the Wesfarmers group as 95.4 million dollars (Wesfarmers, 2014). The company meets the very basic needs of the community by providing food, tools, as well as, clothing to the community. The company is responsible for providing employment to one out of 59 Australians (Wesfarmers, 2015). The company has been paying taxes regularly and also provides the necessary support to the nonprofit organizations. The company earns 98% of its revenues from the country, as well as, 80% of the shares of the company on issue, are held in the country (Wesfarmers, 2015). This creates a major positive impact on the economy of Australia, along with contributing to the other economies. The company paid $43,045 million to the suppliers, in addition to the wages and salaries, where the company paid more than $7,830 million to its 205000 employees. Further, the company paid $1,578 million in royalties, taxes, and levies, and $2,246 million in dividends to our 500,000 shareholders (Wesfarmers, 2015). The company has contributed $50 million to community organizations which equals to 1.5 per cent of profit before income tax. Further, the company has assisted in donations from employees and customers, which totals to $52.7 million (Wesfarmers, 2015). The statistics reveal that for the year 2015, the company had made direct contributions amounting to 50 million dollars and the indirect contributions amounting to 52.9 million dollars. This makes the community contributions, by the Wesfarmers group as 102.9 million dollars (Wesfarmers, 2015). A special attention is paid in the matters like gender diversity, as well as, the inclusion of the Indigenous people. The company has increased the share of providing employment to the people. Further, the company has also increased the share on issue within the country. The company is regularly paying special attention to the matters like gender diversity, as well as, the inclusion of the Indigenous people. So, in comparison to 2014, in the year 2015, the company has maintained and excelled at it’s the G4 GRI Guidelines. The company noticed a decrease in the emissions intensity, along with increasing the activities of recycling. The Scope 1 and 2 emissions intensity showed a decrease by eight per cent as compared to 2013. The green house emissions by Coles decreased this year, but the emissions at Target increased by 6.8 per cent. The company is also trying to reduce the usage of water, along with finding more sustainable sources of water (Wesfarmers, 2014). The company monitors and manages its greenhouse gas emissions, along with the possibility of reducing them. The company has realized the importance of reducing waste creates not only environmental benefits, but benefits for the business as well. And so, the company has taken steps to divert its waste to recycling throughout the entire life cycle of the product. The company is also trying to reduce the usage of water, along with finding more sustainable sources of water. The company has taken steps to protect the biodiversity. In order to manage this, the company has established an offset area at Mt Flora, so as to compensate the loss of 220 hectares to the ecological community. The Scope 1 and 2 emissions (CO2e) totaled to 4,011,584. The Scope 33 emissions (CO2e) contained the transport emissions at 13000, the air travel at 27337, the waste at 154701, the transmission and distribution of electricity at 474,622, and the LPG, natural gas and diesel at 103,110. The Equity proportion of joint venture businesses (CO2e) were reported at 275140. And the Emissions intensity (CO2e/$1 million revenue) was at 64.2 (Wesfarmers, 2015). There was a one percent decrease in the Scope 1 and 2 emissions (CO2e). The Scope 33 emissions (CO2e) are not comparable directly as the transport emissions were not included last year. If the transport emissions are excluded, there is a seven percent decrease in these emissions. There has been a four percent increase in t the Equity proportion of joint venture businesses (CO2e). And the Emissions intensity (CO2e/$1 million revenue) reported a one percent decrease. So, it can be seen that the emission intensity of the company has decreased overall. The Company is continuously trying to reduce the usage of water, along with finding more sustainable sources of water. The Total Recordable injury frequency rate was 42.7 this year. The Lost time injury frequency rate for this year was 7.7 percent. The workers’ compensation claims for 2014 were 6940 (Wesfarmers, 2014). As covered above, the company provides employment to one out of every 59 people in Australia. 59 percent of the wealth of the company is distributed in terms of wages, benefits and salaries to the employees. The safety of the workplace is the highest priority for the company. The Total Recordable injury frequency rate was 39.5 this year. The Lost time injury frequency rate for this year was 7.3 percent. The workers’ compensation claims for 2015 were 7462 (Wesfarmers, 2015). There has been a 7.5 percent improvement in the Total Recordable injury frequency rate.   The Lost time injury frequency rate was reduced by 5.2 percent. The workers’ compensation claims decreased by 7 percent. The company failed to provide the breakdown of its employee turnover as per age group; the breakdown of Total Recordable injury frequency rate and the Lost time injury frequency rate; and the aggregate ratio. The company focused towards improving the ethical sourcing of its products. This was done by strengthening the supply chain, as well as, increasing the transparency. The company sources its products from a wide range of location. Some of these nations follow lower levels of regulations and hence, the company is vigilant regarding the associated risks. The company also follows an ethical sourcing policy by setting minimum standards. The company failed to provide the percentage of the employees it trained. The company complies with all the laws, as well as, regulations of all the countries, in which it conducts its business and acts in an ethical way. The anti-bribery policy of the company prohibits the political donations at both business unit, as well as, divisional level. If any such contributions are made, they are thoroughly published on the website of the company. And for the year 2014, no such contributions were made. The company also considers the needs and the interests of its stakeholders. The Company incurred significant fine to the amount of $10 million in penalty by the ACCC for Supplier Unconscionable Conduct, along with a $2.5 million penalty for ACCC/bread litigation case (Wesfarmers, 2015). The compliance levels have been same in both the years. Though, the significant fines were incurred in certain cases in the year 2015, which was not the case in 2014. This implies that the level of compliance has been breached in 2015. The company has continued the innovation of the range of its products, as well as, its categories across all businesses. The company is also committed towards delivering safe and sustainable products, as well as, services to its customers. Even though there are minimal particular legal requirements for the restrictive use of chemicals in production, the company has decided to adopt a range of such aspects of the European Community Regulation. Coles had a significant fine to the amount of $38,250 for incorrect importation classification of cat litter (Wesfarmers, 2015). The company failed to provide the percentage of the categories of the products. In comparison to 2014, the company incurred significant fine in 2015, so, in this aspect also, the company has declined. The company submitted this report for the GRI Content Index Service. The accuracy of the GRI G4 Content Index was then, confirmed by the GRI. Since, the reported was directly confirmed by GRI, the need for assurance, does not arise. The sustainability report for both 2014 and 2015 did not cover clear and defined targets. Further, this report was not user friendly, as a person had to toggle between lots of windows to find the relevant information, pertaining to a particular guideline. And even after that, some of the information was not available easily and had to be searched from the Annual Report. Though, the company has covered all the relevant applicable guidelines which are applicable on it. The Guidelines followed by the company, in 2014 (Australia) and 2015 (Japan), have been compared below: G4-DMA, G4-EN15, G4-EN16, G4-EN17, G4-EN18, G4-EN19, G4-EN20, and G4-EN21 G4-DMA, G4-EN22, G4-EN23, G4-EN24, and G4-EN26 Supplier assessment for labor practices Equal remuneration for women and men Labor Practices Grievance Mechanisms Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining Supplier Assessment for Impacts on Society Grievance Mechanisms for Impacts on Society The G4 GRI Guidelines are company specific, industry specific, and country specific. The business of each company varies from the other, in some aspect or the other. These aspects result in a difference in the adherence to the guidelines. Further, the decisions of the senior management, as well as, the strategies of the companies, influence which guidelines would be adopted by it (Salter Baxter, 2012). The strategic priorities, along with the targets of the firm, also have an impact on the selection of these guidelines (GRI, 2016). The nature of the work of a company, also changes the adherence to these guidelines. For instance, a vehicle manufacturing company would have to follow different guidelines, as compared to a food manufacturing company. Organizations have a range of topics, which they could report. The relevant topics would be such that reflect the entity’s economic, environmental, as well as, the social impacts on the stakeholders. Materiality is the starting point, according to which the Aspects become adequately significant, in a way that the need of reporting them, arises. A blend of the external, as well as, internal factors determines whether the Aspect is material (GRI, 2016). This includes the factors like the mission, vision, competitive strategy, concerns of stakeholders, social expectations, and the influence of the entity on the suppliers, as well as the customers. The second factor that influences the applicability of these guidelines is the industry. The type of the industry also has an impact over the applicability of these guidelines (GRI, 2016). For example, the polluting industry would have different guidelines applicable on it as compared to a non polluting industry. The last factor, the one applicable in this case, is the country specific guidelines. Even though the G4 GRI Guidelines are uniform across the globe, but each country has a different set of applicable legislations (GRI, 2016). And so, depending upon such applicability, these guidelines apply on the company. The sustainability report of Fuji Xerox comparison for 2014, was made in Australia and the sustainability report of Fuji Xerox comparison for 2015, was made in Japan. So, to summarize, the legislations, along with the internal and external factors of the company, are responsible for the difference in the reports produced in Australia (2014) and Japan (2015). The company has grown in the Australian market, from AU$400 million in 1999 to about AU$1 billion in 2014 (Fuji Xerox, 2014). Despite the changes in the industry, the company has improved upon its profitability, as well as, has been successful in creating suitable growth, along with financial stability for the longer run. But the company achieved the consolidated revenues to the amount of AUS$1 billion which was a 3% decline in comparison to previous year (Fuji Xerox, 2014). The community investment amounted to $506412 with 3412 hours of volunteering in order to nurture the future generation. For the year 2014, 57.3 percent of the company’s procurement expenditure was on equipment, which equated to AU$580 million, towards the supplies, as well as, consumables. This was the most significant aspect of the company’s supply chain (Fuji Xerox, 2014). The consolidated revenue and the consolidated net income before income taxes for this year amounted to 1188.9 billion yen and 91.9 billion yen respectively (Fuji Xerox, 2015). There was a remarkable improvement from the last year in the revenues, as well as, ordinary profits. The goals were set for social contribution spending as this segment noticed a decline as compared to previous year. Though there was an increase in the number of participants compared to the previous year. For the year 2014, the air freight to the sea freight split was reported at 4.1% to 95.9%, which was a 1.5% improvement as compared to the previous year. Objectives were set for 2015 regarding the â€Å"procuring responsibly outlook†. All of the mills fulfill an annual based environmental questionnaire to meet the ISO 14001 and ISO 9001. Further, these are monitored for compliance as per the labor standards, specially pertaining to the child labor aspects. The paper sold to the customers of Australia, were a 100% FSC carbon neutral, PEFC certified, FSC certified or made out of recycled material (Fuji Xerox, 2014).   The company is focused towards recycling as well as reducing the CO 2 emissions throughout the life cycle of the products. Out of the 83% of the employees who commenced the annual performance review cycle for this year, only 49% of them could complete the formal review process. 45% of the female and 50% of the male workforce completed these reviews. Further, extensive sales training was undertaken during this year (Fuji Xerox, 2014).   The company has identified its risks and opportunities in this segment, as well as, has set standards to be achieved during the coming fiscal years. During this year, no judgments were made, regarding discrimination, against the company or any of its employees. The few complaints which were received from the employees, including the complaints regarding discrimination, were handled strictly, and appropriate process was taken up to take the necessary actions after determining the facts. The company has identified and outlined a high priority management theme which takes into account the social circumstances, the nature of the business, and the management goals. High priority is placed on the communication as well as monitoring in order to help the management in incorporating the stakeholder evaluations along with the feedback into the management process. Due to stringent ethics and compliance norms, the company is able to fulfill its commitments towards anti-corruption and anti-competitive behavior. The company understands the needs of its customers and delivers on its promises. Through these, the company is able to deliver value to its customers and benefiting the environment through the Green Print technologies, as well as, services, sustainable paper supplies together with the new NCOS carbon neutral certified products, as well as, optimized print environments. The company has recognized the importance of product safety and has made it an overriding priority. This year also, the company held a product safety forum to eliminate product safety accidents. From the above data, it can be deduced that the 2014 sustainability report prepared in Australia, follows lesser norms as compared to the 2015 sustainability report prepared in Japan. Due to the stringent policies in Japan, the same company has to follow a lot more guidelines. Further, the targets have been more clearly set in the 2015 report, which was clearly missing in the 2014 report. Corporate governance, sustainability and social responsibility are interlinked terms and none of it can be used exclusively. Each of these terms intertwines their paths, in one aspect or the other, as was seen in the case of Wesfarmers. The various issues faced by the company, Wesfarmers, included the concepts of not only corporate responsibility, but also interlinked with the G4 GRE Guidelines. From the above analysis, it can be concluded that Wesfarmers has taken a lot of steps, to ensure that it follows, both the principles of corporate governance, as well as the sustainability guidelines. The comparison of the G4 GRE Guidelines by Wesfarmers highlighted the variances in the adoption of the appropriate guidelines. But due to the number of non-compliances, as well as penalties, in the year 2015, by Wesfarmers, it is recommended to the company that it ensures that the guidelines are properly followed. Further, such instances also portray that the principles of corporate governance are not adequately followed, and hence, the company needs to follow these principles in a proper manner, and ensure that the incidents of penalties, are not repeated. From the above analysis of the two companies, it can be concluded that a lot of factors impact the G4 GRI guidelines reporting by a company. A same company, in two different companies can face disparities in the reporting guidelines. Further, the type of the company decides the applicability of the particular guideline on a company. And from the above analysis, it is recommended to the Wesfarmers Limited, to set out particular targets to be achieved regarding the adopted guidelines. Further, the company has to ensure that it follows the guidelines, instead of getting cases established against it, which are detrimental to these guidelines. Fuji Xerox had presented two different reports, due to the change in the nations. Being in different nations, different guidelines are to be followed by the company. To conclude, the reason for variance in the sustainability reporting of Fuji Xerox is the result of the applicability different standards. So, it is it is recommended to Fuji Xerox, to follow the same set of guidelines, throughout all its branches, whether in this country or in Japan. This can be done as the guidelines are uniform across the globe, and so, common guidelines can, in fact, be adopted. Furthermore, Fuji Xerox Australia Pty Limited should set out specific targets as is done by its Japanese counterpart. This assignment was formulated in a way, so as to test my skills regarding the location, as well as, interpretation of the information. Before starting this assignment, I was under the view that the G4 GRI Guidelines just cover the aspects in a broad and general manner. Further, I was under the impression, that a small report could cover every aspect of this guideline. However, my views were changed when I undertook this assignment. The first thing I learned was the number of disclosures undertaken by a company and the extent of disclosures. Even though the headings state economic, environment and social, but it is more than it. Each aspect had a number of standards to be followed. This assignment helped me in clarifying how the corporate governance issues affect the working of any company. Before starting of this assignment task, I had read many principles of corporate governance, but the practicality of such principles was highlighted only after reading about the issues associated with it, in the case of Wesfarmers. The detail and extent of such issues, and the care taken by the companies to ensure the proper compliance, made me realize the importance of such principles. By analyzing the data of two companies, over two years, especially when one of it had reported the two reports in different countries, has given me an idea about the factors that have an impact on the applicability of these standards. The integration of these guidelines in the functioning of these companies was also worth noting. Though, a huge issue that I encountered while making this assignment was the difficulty in locating the information, especially for the part A of this assignment. The information was not properly presented in case of Wesfarmers, but for Fuji Xerox, the information was easily accessible, as well as, interpretable. By gaining the insights on these guidelines in the working of the companies, I was able to clear my concepts related to the integration of reporting in the Aspects covered under these guidelines. Further, this knowledge would help me in my future jobs, as now I have attained a practical understanding regarding the aspects associated with the sustainability reporting. In the future, when I become a manager, or a part of the higher management, this understanding would help me in applicability of the various regulations and standards followed by the companies. Further, by carrying out real time case study of two companies, I have gained insight on how to resolve the issues associated with sustainability and corporate governance. Fuji Xerox. (2014) Fuji Xerox Australia Sustainability Report 2014. [Online] Fuji Xerox. Available from: https://www.fxasustainability.com.au/2014/report.php [Accessed on: 07/10/16] Fuji Xerox. (2014) GRI G4 content index in accordance - Core. [Online] Fuji Xerox. Available from: https://www.fxasustainability.com.au/2014/gri_g4_content_index_in_accordance-core.pdf [Accessed on: 07/10/16] Fuji Xerox. (2014) Report Centre 2014. [Online] Fuji Xerox. Available from: https://www.fxasustainability.com.au/2014/ [Accessed on: 07/10/16] Fuji Xerox. (2015) GRI Guidelines. [Online] Fuji Xerox. Available from: https://www.fujixerox.com/eng/company/sr/2015/guidelines.html#sec10 [Accessed on: 07/10/16] GRI. (2016) G4 Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. [Online] GRI. Available from: https://www.globalreporting.org/standards/g4/Pages/default.aspx [Accessed on: 07/10/16] GRI. (2016) Materiality. [Online] GRI. Available from: https://g4.globalreporting.org/how-you-should-report/reporting-principles/principles-for-defining-report-content/materiality/Pages/default.aspx [Accessed on: 07/10/16] Salter Baxter. (2012) The five things you really need to know about GRI G4. [Online] Salter Baxter. Available from: https://www.salterbaxter.com/the-five-things-you-really-need-to-know-about-gri-g4/ [Accessed on: 07/10/16] Wesfarmers. (2014) 2014 Sustainability Report. [Online] Wesfarmers. Available from: https://www.wesresources.com.au/sustainability_report_2014/ [Accessed on: 07/10/16] Wesfarmers. (2014) Sustainability Report 2014. [Online] Wesfarmers. Available from: https://2014.sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au/ [Accessed on: 07/10/16] Wesfarmers. (2015) 2015 Annual Report. [Online] Wesfarmers. Available from: https://www.asx.com.au/asxpdf/20150917/pdf/431d8fyj0rz8zy.pdf [Accessed on: 07/10/16] Wesfarmers. (2015) 2015 Sustainability Report. [Online] Wesfarmers. Available from: https://www.wesresources.com.au/sustainability_report_2015/ [Accessed on: 07/10/16] Wesfarmers. (2015) GRI G4 Content Index. [Online] Wesfarmers. Available from: https://www.sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au/our-data/gri-g4-content-index/ [Accessed on: 07/10/16] Wesfarmers. (2015) Sustainability at Wesfarmers. [Online] Wesfarmers. Available from: https://sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au/our-approach/sustainability-at-wesfarmers/ [Accessed on: 07/10/16] Wesfarmers. (2015) Sustainability Report 2015. [Online] Wesfarmers. Available from: https://2015.sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au/ [Accessed on: 07/10/16]